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Year 6: Harvest of Endurance ScrollBookmark

Learning area: History
Year level: Year 6
Country: Australia, China

Students learn about the way of life of Chinese people who migrated to Australia and their contributions to Australia's economic and social development.  They examine the Harvest of Endurance scroll, which depicts the vast visual history of the Chinese experience in Australia.

Key inquiry questions

  • Who were the people who came to Australia?
  • Why did they come?
  • What contribution did the Chinese make to Australian society?


Harvest Endurance scrollChinese migrants at work

Acknowledgements

Image: National Museum of Australia: See copyright information

Related resources

Activity 1: Why they came

Look-to-learn

Australia is a multicultural country with many people from across the globe migrating to Australia over many years. 

Key inquiry question:

  • Who were the people who came to Australia?

To explore this questions, we will use the beautiful Harvest of Endurance scroll. Created by The National Museum of Australia  the painted scroll depicts the vast visual history of the Chinese experience in Australia. Created in 1988, the story of creating the scroll itself is inspiring.

Instructions

Below are two columns of images from the Harvest Scroll. The images and their text were chosen because these sections provide information on the two key questions above.

Explore the images and pursue an interest, either comparing the first column with the second or specialising in one of the columns. In this way you can either focus your interest on who the Chinese migrants were and where they came from (the "pull and push factors") or on the contribution they made to Australian society.

After four paired images and their links, two Thinking Routines are listed. You can use either routine with any of the images. They are placed after the four sets of images so that you can refer to them more easily. Notice that there are other Thinking Routines listed at the end of the columns and you might want to use those.

Who they were and why they came The contributions they made

Chinese workers

Chinese miners

Australian gold rush

Isolated and homesick

Trouble in the homeland

The rise of merchants

The general store

Laundries and factories
See-Think-Wonder Claim-Support-Question
What do you see? Make a claim about the topic.
What do you think is going on? Identify support for your claim.
What does it make you wonder? Ask a question related to your
claim.

 

Who they were and why they came The contributions they made

Opium

Healing the sick

The strength of traditions

Riverboat trade

Invasion

Politics and racism

The support effort

The Second World War
See-Think-Wonder Claim-Support-Question
What do you see? Make a claim about the topic.
What do you think is going on? Identify support for your claim.
What does it make you wonder? Ask a question related to your
claim.

 

Who they were and why they came The contributions they made

The People's Republic of China

The war effort

The Colombo Plan

The Melbourne Olympics

Rising to the top

Professions

Multiculturalism

Towards the future
See-Think-Wonder Claim-Support-Question
What do you see? Make a claim about the topic.
What do you think is going on? Identify support for your claim.
What does it make you wonder? Ask a question related to your
claim.

Additional thinking routines

Thinking Routines are used from Harvard's Visible Thinking initiative and Cultures of Thinking.

Technology integration: Brainstorming using Web 2.0 tools

Use collaborative writing software to brainstorm your responses to the thinking routines outlined above. Explore how you can integrate 

PrimaryPad into your learning. Read detailed instructions on using this tool in the References section of this curriculum resource.

Conclusion

What have you discovered about who the Chinese were and the contribution they have made to society? To learn more go to the next level – Knowledge building.

Activity 2: Strength of traditions

Knowledge building

Now that you have experienced Look to Learn, it's time to investigate further, to find out more about who the Chinese immigrants were and what exactly were some of the contributions to Australian society.

Key inquiry question:

  • Why did they come?

The National Museum of Australia has produced the beautiful painted Harvest of Endurance scroll that depicts the vast visual history of the Chinese experience in Australia.

Instructions

The Harvest of Endurance is a rich and detailed story. As such, it may be too much for you to study in depth. The following activity is designed for you to work as part of a research team to explore and report back on what you have learned.

The Harvest of Endurance scroll is made up of 36 sections. You and your classmates could conduct research either individually or in one of the following combinations:

  1. Work in pairs.
  2. Divide into groups so that each pair views 2–4 sections (depending in the size of the class). For example:
    • in a class of 18, pair with another student to explore 4 sections of the scroll
    • in a class of 25, pair with another student to explore 3 sections of the scroll
  3. Pairs could look at a section if class numbers don't divide into the 36 sections.
The activity
  1. Look through the sections of the scroll that you and a partner will be responsible for. You may choose to use the Flash version of the scroll if you find this works better for this part of the activity. 
  2. Keep two questions in mind as you read:
    • Who were the people who came to Australia? Why did they come?
    • What contribution have significant individuals and groups made to the development of Australian society?
    You may already be familiar with some of the information if you used the Level 1: Look to Learn activity.
  3. In the sections you are responsible for, note any mention of specific events, people, places or things related to the two main questions.
  4. Return the sections through the links below. Read the additional information and explore any further links provided.
  5. If you are working in a pair, each of you should choose one person, place, event or thing mentioned to learn more about.
  6. After researching the person or event further, go on to the Task section of this activity.
Before the gold rush
Chinese workers
Australian gold rush
Chinese miners
Anti-Chinese violence
Lambing flat riots
A safe haven
Isolated and homesick
The rise of merchants
Market gardens and musicians
Vendors and cooks
Laundries and factories
The general store
Trouble in the homeland
Opium
Revolution in China
Republican victory
Healing the sick
The strength of traditions
Religion
Developing the north
Riverboat trade
Entrepreneurs
Politics and racism
Invasion
The support effort
The Second World War
The war effort
The People's Republic of China
The Melbourne Olympics
The Colombo Plan
Multiculturalism
Professions
Rising to the top
Australia's Bicentenary
Towards the future
Gathering your information

There are many ways that you can collect the information you find useful to deepening your understanding of the facts and issues involved in a particular person, place, thing or event you have chosen to study. You can:

  • use your notebook
  • copy and paste into an electronic document
  • post what you are learning into an online discussion or comments on a blog
  • if you have a Google or Gmail account, you can join in a shared document
  • or you can start an EtherPad / PrimaryPad page where you and a team can build knowledge. (see the ICT guide for more details)
Simple searches and additional resources

The information provided by The National Museum on the Harvest of Endurance scroll should give you both some background and some leads you can follow to learn even more. For example, a particular event might have been mentioned (e.g., the New South Wales Government's passing of the Chinese Immigration Restriction and Regulation Act in 1861). A simple search for this turns up some interesting documents:

The task
  1. Go ahead and run some initial searches on any leads you uncovered. 
  2. Make sure you copy the URL / Web address and the title of all the sources you copy information from. 
  3. Use a KWL grid as you accumulate information, keep track of what you now know and what you still want to learn about the subject you're studying.
  4. Write out any specific questions you want to find answers to. 
  5. Keep adding to your notes out any specific questions you want to find answers to.
Contributing your knowledge

You have already gathered information you found useful. As listed above, you might have collected this in a traditional paper notebook, an electronic document, a blog, shared document or collaborative space. One of the main places in the world where people contribute their knowledge and expertise is Wikipedia. In only about 10 years, Wikipedia has gone from not existing to sharing over 4 million articles in English and many more than this in the many other languages of the world. Instead of only using Wikipedia, how about contributing to it?

Wiki

Most of us would have very little that we could contribute to a page such as the one above. However, another version of Wikipedia might be a different story:

If you think you can add some details or another article to the Simple English Wikipedia project. To quote from the Web site:

Articles in the Simple English Wikipedia use fewer words and easier grammar than the English Wikipedia.

The Simple English Wikipedia is also for people with different needs. Some examples of people who use Simple English Wikipedia:

Other people use the Simple English Wikipedia because the simple language helps them understand difficult ideas or topics they do not know about.

So how about contributing?

If contributing to the Simple English Wikipedia seems like something you want to try, use the links below. Who knows where this could lead you?

If you don't want to write articles for Wikipedia, you can still create your own wiki pages. Set up an account with one of these open wiki sites:

Conclusion

Through the Harvest of Endurance Scroll, you will have now have a far greater understanding of  the experiences and contributions of Chinese migrants to Australia.  If you are ready to get creative and take on a challenge, try the Level 3: WebQuest where you will be guided to explore how racism influenced the experience of Chinese migrants to Australia.

Activity 3: Chinese contributions

WebQuest challenge

Now that you have experienced Look to Learn and Knowledge Building, you might want to try a challenge.

Key inquiry question:

  • What contribution did the Chinese make to Australian society

This WebQuest challenges you to take your insights and knowledge of how Chinese migrants were treated and reflect on how much racism was or is a part of Australian law and culture.

It's your turn to be the expert and express your opinion. You will engage in three main activities:

  1. Review selected panels from the Harvest of Endurance scroll
  2. Rank Australia's past treatment of Chinese migrants
  3. Express your opinion on Racism in Australia - Past & Present
Review panels from the Harvest of Endurance

In previous levels of this eLearning sequence you have been asked to explore who the Chinese migrants were and how they contributed to Australia. This WebQuest challenges you to turn your attention in the opposite direction: how did Australians treat these needed migrants?

  1. Look through the selected panels from the Harvest of Endurance scroll. They focus on the treatment of the Chinese by Australian governments and people.
  2. Because you may have already studied these sections of the scroll, this part of the WebQuest might be a quick review. Of course you can also read through the whole scroll if you like.
  3. Take note of instances where you believe laws or people were biased because of the race of the Chinese people. Also note when people chose to ignore race or changed laws that were racist.
  4. After completing this review and note-taking, you are ready for the next task.
Chinese workers
Australian gold rush
Anti-Chinese violence
Lambing flat riots
A safe haven
Isolated and homesick
Vendors and cooks
The strength of traditions
Developing the north
The Colombo Plan
Multiculturalism
Rank Australia's past treatment of Chinese migrants

Follow the steps below to complete this review. 

  1. scroll-miners2Once you have read the more detailed text passages for the selected panels above, go on to step 2. (if you wanted to use the Flash version of the scroll, make sure you have clicked on the additional information tabs (as pictured to the right).
  2. Download the document: Evaluating the Treatment of Chinese Migrants
  3. Your task is to drag the text boxes from their random placement in the document until they reflect your opinion on the most to the least racist actions. Once you have ranked all the text boxes along the scale, you then drag the "My Decision Line" to a place on the continuum or scale where you believe everything to the left is a racist act. Different people will put the snippets in a different order and also move their decision line in a unique place. These are your beliefs, you are drawing the line for yourself.
  4. Use the links below if you would like to explore some of the topics in greater detail.
    Additional resources on historical racism against Chinese migrants:

The challenge: Express your opinion

On Australia Day 2012, Dr Charlie Teo gave a speech which looked at racism in Australia. Here is an interview with Dr. Teo and a link to the full text of his Australia Day Speech.

Other's opinions

You are about to be asked to write an editorial post on your views about how racism did and may still affect the Chinese experience in Australia. So that you can get a better idea about this kind of writing, here are some examples written by others.

Writing your persuasive editorial

People all over the world write opinion pieces thousands of times a dayand post them to their blogs. These people might be famous journalists or average citizens like the rest of us.

Your next task is to write an editorial post that expresses your beliefs on how racism played a part in Australia's past and whether it lingers on today. You may have direct experience with this yourself or through family members - this means your opinions will be personal and your writing extra persuasive. So that you have the best chance of having others understand and appreciate your viewpoint, use the resources below to help you write your best editorial post.

Resources on writing editorials:

Putting your opinions online

Once you have a final draft of your editorial article or speech, there are lots of easy ways for your teacher to help you put it online. Here are some ideas:

Consider having one article or a video per post so others can use the comment feature on most blogs to get feedback from others

You can make your blog and posts public or private. Make sure any school filtering doesn't block your blog if you want to view it at school.

Conclusion

Through this sequence on the contributions of the Chinese to Australia you will now have a deeper understanding and awareness of the important role migrants make to Australia as a Nation.

Teacher notes

For each China learning sequence there are three activities to engage students. These can be completed as a sequence of learning or teachers may choose to have students complete different activities depending on curriculum program, student achievement level and time available in class.

Access to Scootle digital content

Digital content has been incorporated into these learning sequences to support student learning.

A link is provided to open each of these Scootle resources.

You need to login to Scootle to access the digital content in these learning sequences.

Look to learn for ongoing engagement and inquiry

Look to Learn uses short immersion activities to draw students into the key themes and concepts through the use of rich digital content and a range of thinking prompts or questions.

The main idea behind the Look to Learn activities is for students to develop more sophisticated critical thinking skills when they engage in focused analysis of one artefact and apply a small set of thinking routines that "make their thinking visible."

Thinking Routines are one of the core approaches developed by Project Zero at Harvard University's Graduate School of Education. This early work has been progressed by Professor Ron Ritchhart at Cultures of Thinking.

Images are used throughout these activities. The following additional resources are available to support image analysis.

Reading images

Knowledge building for developing deeper understanding

Knowledge Building activities enable students to delve more deeply into the topic. Through access to key resources, students explore the topic in more depth, engage in research and conduct greater analysis of the resources through compare and contrast. Where appropriate students are encouraged to use ICT as part of their learning process.

WebQuests for challenge-based problem learning

When students and teachers want to extend and enrich learning, authentic and rich challenges help focus students on transforming information into new understanding through creative problem-solving. A long-standing eLearning approach is the WebQuest construct. In each of the WebQuests, the significant activity is referred to as "The Challenge" that requires students to create a new understanding or justify a new viewpoint.

Additional notes

These learning sequences rely on the rich content generously made available to educators and students in Australia.

Throughout many of the activities, the longstanding work of the Harvard Project Zero team on Artful and Visible Thinking has been embedded. Particularly Thinking Routines prompt much of the learning in the Look to Learn and some Knowledge Building activities.

The Year 6 sequences depend on the Harvest of Endurance Scroll © National Museum of Australia 2003-2010 – The National Museum of Australia.

Most of the archival resources come from the rich collection hosted through the National Digital Learning Resources Network and accessed through a variety of means by students and teachers across Australia. Each educational jurisdiction can view the resources once logged into the appropriate portal. Although the direct links come from the Scootle interface for the Learning Federation, the NDLRN's "resolver" will present the correct links once you are logged-in.

Useful websites

Throughout the China eLearning sequences, a number of learning opportunities are provided for students to collaborate with each other through the use of ICT. A range of applications are available to support this process, some of which are listed below.

Diigo for social bookmarking and sticky notes

Diigo is a powerful tool for gathering favourite sites and collaboratively researching and anlaysing online posts. There are two main parts: a browser toolbar and your account. Teachers can also create student groups which allows students to have their own account, but also contribute what they find and share their comments to classmates.

It is suggested that a teacher start an educator account (see the FAQ link below), add all students and then place Thinking Routines into Sticky Notes on which all student can contribute their thinking.

Primary Pad

A set of instructions are provided on how to use How to use PrimaryPad.

When students have access to computers or personal devices (Netbooks or updated iPads) a real-time collaborative writing page can easily be created and generate word clouds of the dominant terms used by students.

Here are the steps:

  1. Go to PrimaryPad: Click on the link or the image below and then click on the "Create New Pad" button.

  2. Copy the URL ie the web address that is automatically generated for your page.

  3. Paste the URL into your blog post so students can all access the same page.
  4. Edit the PrimaryPad page to include any instructions or prompts you want students to respond to, such as a "See–Think–Wonder" thinking routine. Then turn off the Authorship Colors so that only students' writing is colored.

  5. Have students type their names at the top of the screen to sync their comments with their colour.

  6. Now you are ready to engage the students in a Look to Learn learnig sequence.
  7. Once students have completed the writing, you can have them read through it, edit or select the most insightful passages.

One additional way to explore this collaborative brainstorming is to copy the collective text and paste it into Wordle or ABCya. This creates a word cloud, highlighting the dominant or keywords students used to explore the topic. This Wordle option is an embedded feature in PrimaryPad if you join and potentially become a fee-paying user.

Venn diagram tools

Wikis

Blogs

It is recommended that teachers preview websites to ensure they are suitable for their students prior to use in class. Content accessed via these links is not owned or controlled by the Asia Education Foundation and is subject to the terms of use of the associated website.

The full resource can not be displayed on a mobile device.

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